Showing posts with label medicines. Show all posts
Showing posts with label medicines. Show all posts

Medicine is a very interesting subject that many people are interesting. While most people tend to rely on the opinion of their doctor or even just the basic truths of rational science, there is a growing section of society that are underwhelmed or unhappy with what they hear and prefer to make up their own minds on what medicines work and the best way for them to feel better. On a basic level this seems to be a fine, as long as people aren’t endangering themselves by taking harmful substances. That’s why so many people have now been moving onto herbal medicines.


 


Indeed, recently there has been a strong uptake in herbal medicines. This is likely down to people want to believe in the cures and treatments that a number of herbal medicines claim to make. While this is a highly controversial subject, as doctors and experts often assert that herbal medicines can do nothing to help your if you have an illness, more and more people still seem to be taking up these medicines as they feel desperate for relief from their conditions or hope to find a cure for whatever disease that they might have.


 


Herbal medicines and other natural remedies are especially popular in India, and this is a part of the world that is highly interested in the concept of alternative treatments. But now it seems that these therapies that are so popular now might actually be causing more harm than good. This is a very worrying development and could mean some troubling times for anyone who uses herbal therapies. So what exactly is the problem?


 


Well it seems that there may be an issue surround a compound called aristolochic acid which is found in a number of common herbal medicines. It appears that it can lead to a condition known as aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) which is a form of kidney failure that occurs when the body takes in too much of the aristolochic acid. It has also been linked to other kidney based problems such as kidney diseases and urothelial cancer. Given that these are obviously extremely serious conditions it can be no surprise that many people are now claiming that aristolochic acid should be avoided at all costs by anyone who wants to use alternative therapies that make use of herbal medicines.


 


The substance has now been officially banned from a number of national agencies that oversee the regulation of compounds such as aristolochic acid. In fact the FDA went as far as to say that any herbal medicine bottle contains the ingredients such as ‘Aristolochia,’ ‘Bragantia’ or ‘Asarum’ listed as ingredients on the label needs to be discontinued immediately and that if you have any of these medicines that you should dispose of them as soon as possible.


 


If you’re worried about the possibility of having them, this acid is commonly found in many Chinese medicines as a way to combat diarrhoea, coughing and joint pain, and also as an aid to weight loss, to improve the immune system and to relieve the pain of childbirth. If you have bought any Chinese medicines for these conditions it could be well worth looking at the labels to check if they use this acid as one of the ingredients. If so you should stop using this and talk to your doctor about potentially having kidney problems. It’s also a great idea to speak to your doctor generally if you’re thinking about unusual non-standard medicines as many can have other hazards for your health that you may not even know about.

When two or more medicines are taken at the same time, the effects of one of the medicines can alter the effects of the other. This is known as a drug-drug interaction. Clopidogrel can interact with other medicines.


Some of the more common interactions are listed below. However, this is not a complete list.


Increased risk of bleeding


There is an increased risk of bleeding when clopidogrel is taken with some other medications including:


  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers (NSAIDs) – such as diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen

  • dipyridamole – another type of antiplatelet

  • warfarin – an anticoagulant medicine that prevents your blood from clotting

If you want to check your medicines are safe to take with clopidogrel, ask your doctor or pharmacist or read the patient information leaflet that comes with your medicine.


Interactions with food and alcohol


There are no known interactions between clopidogrel and food, although it is a good idea to take clopidogrel with or after food, to help reduce irritation to the stomach.


It may be safe to drink alcohol with clopidogrel as long as you:


  • check the patient information leaflet that comes with the medicine

  • take the correct dose of your medicine

  • do not drink more than the maximum recommended daily limits of alcohol

Taking more than the recommended dose increases the risk of irritation to your stomach lining. This risk is increased further if you drink more than the recommended daily limits and may lead to bleeding from the stomach.



Interactions with other medicines

First-generation antihistamines


Avoid drinking alcohol when taking first-generation antihistamines because this will make the feeling of drowsiness worse.


The same is true for other types of medication that are known to have a sedating effect, such as:


  • sleeping tablets

  • benzodiazepines, which are often used to treat anxiety disorders

  • tricyclic antidepressants, which are used to treat a range of mental health conditions, such as depression and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), as well as a number of chronic pain conditions

Seek advice from your GP or pharmacist before taking a first-generation antihistamine if you’re taking any of the medications listed above.


You shouldn’t take a first generation antihistamine if you’re also taking a type of antidepressant known as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). This is because the combination of the two substances can have unpredictable effects.


Second-generation antihistamines


Most second-generation antihistamines do not have important interactions when they’re taken with other medications. However, the exceptions to this are:


  • rupatadine – this can cause unpredictable effects if taken with some types of antibiotics or grapefruit juice

  • mizolastine – this can cause unpredictable effects if taken with nifedipine (used to treat high blood pressure), cimetidine (used to treat heartburn) and ciclosporin (which is often used to treat people who’ve had an organ transplant)

Cough and cold medicines


Many cough and cold medicines that are available over the counter at pharmacies contain a mixture of different medications, such as paracetamol, decongestants and antihistamines.


Don’t take cough and cold medicines if you have recently taken other antihistamine medication because there’s a risk of taking an excess dose of antihistamine.


These types of cough and cold medicines aren’t recommended for children who are under six years old because the risks of treatment are thought to outweigh any benefits.



Interactions with other medicines

Antifungal medicines have many brand names as they are made by different pharmaceutical manufacturers.


There are also many different types of antifungal medicines, including:


  • clotrimazole

  • econazole nitrate

  • miconazole

  • terbinafine

  • fluconazole

  • ketoconazole

  • amphotericin

The packaging should state what antifungal medicine the product contains and how much. This may be shown as a percentage – for example, cream containing 1% clotrimazole, or in milligrams (mg) – for example, capsules containing 50mg of fluconazole.


Types of antifungal medicines


Antifungal medicines are available as:


  • topical antifungals – a cream, gel, ointment or spray applied directly to the body

  • oral antifungals – a capsule, tablet or liquid medicine that is swallowed

  • intravenous antifungals – an injection into a vein in your arm, usually in hospital through an intravenous infusion (a continuous drip of medicine through a narrow tube)

Antifungal intravaginal pessaries are also available. Pessaries are small suppositories inserted into the vagina to treat conditions such as vaginal thrush.



Names of antifungal medicines

When two or more medicines are taken at the same time, the effects of one of the medicines can be altered by the other. This is known as a drug-drug interaction. Some antifungal medicines can interact with other medicines.


Tell your GP or pharmacist what other medicines you are taking, including over-the-counter medicines, so they can decide whether an antifungal medicine is safe for you to take.


Medicines that antifungal medicines may interact with include:


  • benzodiazepines – a group of medicines used to help sleep and reduce anxiety

  • ciclosporin – a medicine that suppresses the immune system (the body’s natural defence against illness and infection)

  • cimetidine – a medicine used to treat indigestion

  • hydrochlorothiazide – a medicine used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension)

  • oestrogens – hormones found in some contraceptives

  • phenytoin – a medicine used to treat epilepsy

  • progestogens – hormones found in some contraceptives

  • rifampicin – an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis

  • tacrolimus – a medicine that suppresses the immune system

  • theophylline – a medicine used to treat asthma

  • tricyclic antidepressants – medicines used to treat depression

  • zidovudine – a medicine used to treat HIV and AIDS


Interactions with other medicines

Before you take antifungals there are a number of things you should discuss with your GP.


Allergies


You are generally advised not to take an antifungal medicine if you are allergic to the medicine or any of the ingredients used in it.


In some cases, such as when treating invasive fungal infections in hospital, your doctors may feel the benefit of the medicine outweighs the risk of an allergic reaction. They may decide to use the medicine and monitor you closely.


Other conditions


Be careful with some oral antifungals if you have problems with your heart, liver or kidneys.


Discuss your condition with your GP or pharmacist to find out which antifungal medicines are safe for you to use.


Topical antifungals


If you are using a topical antifungal medicine, such as a cream, avoid it coming into contact with:


  • your eyes

  • moist linings (mucous membranes), for example, inside your nose or mouth (unless it is a gel that is supposed to be used in your mouth)

Contraceptives


Some antifungal medicines are designed to be used on a man’s penis or in or around a woman’s vagina. Antifungal creams or vaginal suppositories (pessaries) are sometimes used to treat thrush.


However, these types of antifungal medicines can damage latex condoms and diaphragms, making them less effective. Use a different method of contraception while you are using the antifungal medicine, or avoid having sex.


Some types of antifungal medicines can also interact with oestrogens and progestogens, which are found in some types of hormonal contraceptives, such as the combined contraceptive pill. You may experience some breakthrough bleeding while taking your antifungal medicine, but your contraceptive protection should not be affected.


Only oral antifungal medicines interact with oestrogens.


Pregnancy


Many antifungal medicines are not suitable to take during pregnancy. Check the patient information leaflet that comes with your medicine to find out.


However, if you have vaginal thrush during pregnancy, your GP may prescribe an antifungal suppository that can be inserted into your vagina (a pessary) or an antifungal cream.


Breastfeeding


Small amounts of some medicines can pass into your breast milk and may then be passed on to your baby if you are breastfeeding. Check the patient information leaflet that comes with your antifungal medicine, as many medicines should not be taken while breastfeeding.



Things to consider when using antifungal medicines