Showing posts with label years. Show all posts
Showing posts with label years. Show all posts

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Can we talk about age gaps please? In an interview to The Wrap magazine’s upcoming issue, Hollywood actress Maggie Gyllenhaal spoke about being rejected as the love interest of a 55-year-old actor in a film. “I’m 37 and I was told recently I was too old to play the lover of a man who was 55. It was astonishing to me. It made me feel bad, and then it made me feel angry, and then it made me laugh,” she said. If things are bad in a Hollywood that is currently roiling with several campaigns against red carpet sexism and unequal salaries, they are worse in Bollywood. Not only are the age gaps between its most senior actors and their female co-stars alarming and disturbing (or should be), they are not spoken of either. There is little to no discussion of the fact that while Bollywood’s biggest heroes age but continue to play leading roles, their heroines remain mostly under-30.


 


This is a year in which Bollywood’s ruling trinity of Khans officially crosses over into middle-age – Aamir turned 50 in March, Shah Rukh and Salman will follow suit in November and December. Of course we ought to celebrate, not just the fact that they can still pass for 40-ish on screen as SRK did in Chennai Express (or a carefully unspecified age in other films) but also that they still command box office crores like no other actor. Last heard, Aamir’s PK was Bollywood’s top performer worldwide and a Khan film almost never makes less than the coveted 100 crores.


 


Hitting a half-century not out doesn’t mean, however, that the Khans’ heroines get any older than they used to be. SRK’s last heroine was Deepika Padukone, 29, who appeared with him both in Happy New Year as well as in Chennai Express where she was presumably 20-something to SRK’s 40-year-old Rahul. Salman’s Kick co-star was Jacqueline Fernandez, also 29. Aamir’s PK starred Anushka Sharma, even younger at 27. Akshay Kumar, the next oldest leading man at 47, just made Gabbar Is Back with 29-year-old Shruti Haasan and has several recent movies opposite 27-year-old Sonakshi Sinha on his resume. These actresses have, of course, made movies with actors their own age – Ranbir Kapoor, Ranveer Singh, Arjun Kapoor – but their biggest successes have arguably been with older men.


 


In their next films, the Khans will star with slightly older actresses. Salman’s Bajrangi Bhaijaan co-star is 34-year-old Kareena Kapoor; much has been made of the ‘age appropriate’ Waluscha de Sousa in SRK’s Fan, his Raees heroine is 32-year-old Pakistani star Mahira Khan, and Rohit Shetty’s Dilwale reunites him with frequent collaborator Kajol, 40. Actress Mallika Sherawat, 38, has auditioned to play Aamir’s wife in sports movie Dangal. But with Kajol and Waluscha the oldest at 40-ish, all these women are still several years younger than the men they are cast opposite.


 


The last time SRK appeared with a heroine his age was opposite Madhuri Dixit, now 48, in 2002′s Devdas and Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam – 13 years ago. Salman made a brief appearance opposite Juhi Chawla, 47, in 1997′s Deewana Mastana and starred with Manisha Koirala, 44, in 1996′s Khamoshi. Aamir starred with Manisha in 1999′s Mann and with Nandita Das, now 45, in 1998′s Earth.


 


When we celebrate then 48-year-old Sridevi’s triumphant return to screen in 2012 film English Vinglish, it’s important to keep in mind that there’s not the ghost of a chance that she will now be considered as a heroine for Salman, with whom she made films like Chandramukhi and Chand Ka Tukdaa. Directors might conceivably now want her to play his mother (not that we imagine she ever will).


 


Playing the mother or grandmother has been the traditional trajectory that actresses’ personal story arcs follow, though defenders of Bollywood might argue that they now have longer careers as leading ladies. This is true. Just 30 years ago – a third of Indian cinema’s 100 year history – very little time lapsed before Bollywood’s women found themselves cast as mother figures, often to actors they had run around trees with not so long ago. Waheeda Rehman played Amitabh Bachchan’s mother in 1978′s Trishul just two years after being cast as his wife in Kabhi Kabhie. Raakhee made a swift transition from Mr Bachchan’s object of tragic affection in Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978) to playing his sister-in-law in Shaan (1980) and then his mother in Laawaris (1981).


 


Now, Kajol and Aishwarya are still romantic leads at 40. But consider this – the Dilwale casting is simply cashing in on the SRK-Kajol jodi, hoping to repeat the magic that worked in films like Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai. The other jodi in the film, Varun Dhawan and Kriti Sanon, have four years between them while SRK and Kajol are separated by a decade. This age gap is unlikely to be woven into the narrative as a plot point – the years that often divide male and female co-stars like a yawning chasm is almost always ignored studiously, except in 2007′s Cheeni Kum where the 30-year difference between Amitabh Bachchan and Tabu’s character formed the axis of the story.


 


Consider also that Madhuri’s last romantic lead was Naseeruddin Shah, almost 20 years older than her at 65. This was not a problem in Dedh Ishqiya, perhaps because there were 20 years between each romantic pairing – Arshad Warsi at 47 with Huma Qureshi at 28 as well as the implied relationship between Madhuri and Huma. 20 years is apparently quite normal on screen, although in real life it would inevitably cause comment and gossip.


 


Madhuri’s CV and that of Sridevi appear to suggest that actresses are cast opposite actors their own age or even younger up until they hit a ceiling of sorts, after which their heroes are either much older or little known as mainstream actors – like English Vinglish‘s Adil Hussain who is exactly Sridevi’s age. So Shahid Kapoor, 34 last February, might have once been cast opposite Rani Mukerji and Vidya Balan, both now 37, and Priyanka Chopra, who is 32, but is currently making Shaandaa/rv with the 22-year-old Alia Bhatt. Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, both 41, have delivered films like Dhoom 2, Jodhaa Akbar and Guzaarish together but Hrithik’s last heroine in 2014′s Bang Bang was the 31-year-old Katrina Kaif and Ash’s Jazbaa co-star is Irrfan Khan who, at 48, is looking at 50 himself.


 

Can not having sex be a good step to take on your journey to sexual health? Surely, it’s better for your wellness to have “a healthy sex life?” We’ve spoken to three sexperts – some of whom extol the virtues of abstinence – to find out how giving up sex, albeit temporarily, can affect your wellbeing.


 


1. 12 Years Celibate: Sophie Fontanel embarked on a period of self-imposed celibacy after years of being ‘taken and shaken’ made her decide she was ‘through with being had’. She’s now written a book on the subject, The Art Of Sleeping Alone: Why One French Woman Gave Up Sex, as she found the experience to be almost instantly beneficial. ‘My backbone was much straighter and my friends asked me if I was in love,’ she recalls. ‘They could have had my life, but they were afraid of my solitude because it could have been theirs. Sometimes you are alone even when you are married.’


 


Fontanel instead put her energy into travelling, socialising and work. She notes, ‘It was never meant to be 12 years. Suddenly one year passed, then another.’ At the end of her book, she meets a man, a friend’s brother, who found the 50-year-old writer – and her journey – fascinating. Fontanel enthuses ‘Young, beautiful girls complain about being single but they are alone because their dreams are better than reality. They are free.’


 


2. 18 Months Without Sex: If 12 years sounds a little difficult, why not take a leaf out of Audrey Bellis’ book and give up sex for 18 months? The 27-year-old marketing executive comments, ‘“You must masturbate a lot.” That was pretty much everyone’s response when I announced my year of celibacy and no dating. Following a miserable broken engagement, I did what most people do to numb their feelings: I drank too much gin and tonic, I dated men I didn’t really like and I had drunken, empty sex. Each time would be filled with regret.’ So Bellis decided to give up men for a while, but how did she manage it?


 


‘It was hard at first,’ Bellis admits. ‘It was all I could think about, much the way a dieter fantasises over chocolate. But it got easier. I found strength in resisting rather than giving into temptation. I noticed men wanted me more – the idea of being the one who might make me give it up tantalised their alpha egos. I eventually abstained for 18 months, during which time I rebuilt my confidence. I oozed my own kind of sexual appeal. Satisfaction came not from orgasm but from total physical control. I began to explore yoga and dabbled in meditation…Eventually, I craved physical contact again and I met a guy who I was genuinely attracted to on all levels…I no longer have sex simply to feel desirable but my 18 months without it gave me the foundation of my sex appeal today.’


 


3. Yes, Yes, Yes: Agony uncle James McConnachie counters, ‘Sex is like a diet: it’s driven by appetite, and different regimes work best for different people. Some of us thrive on shovel-loads of late-night carbs, others go for light protein and fruit snacks, others still are chocolate guzzlers. Similarly, some people like lots of masturbation and partner sex every other Sunday, others insist on sex with love only, and a few s**g themselves silly at every opportunity. Unless you’re asexual, meaning you never want sex, celibacy is a problem for the same reason that diets are a problem: you’re taking a natural pleasure and rewarding yourself emotionally if you defeat it…If I was recommending a sex diet to anyone, I’d say listen to your body and your mind. Find your own balance of health and pleasure. However, be open to change. And say no to other people’s rules and restrictions.’

They say that your wedding day is the best day of your life, so surely you want to look the peak of wellness and wellbeing. Many brides choose to lose weight for the big day, if only because knowing that everyone you know is going to be watching you walk down the aisle is great motivation! However, once you say “I do” you relax and start to regain all that weight you made the effort to lose in the first place. If you ever look at your wedding dress and wonder if you’d ever be able to fit back into it again, why not learn from a few success stories from people who have done exactly that? These brides (and one groom) followed a wedding dress weight loss plan that consisted of a diet developed by nutritionist and registered dietician Stephanie Middleberg and weekly exercise videos with dedicated personal trainer, Angela Salveo, to get back down to their wedding-day weight. Let’s see how they got on.


 


1. Rita Cookson: Rita, 43, has been married five years, and managed to lose 29lbs in four months. She asserts, ‘If I can do it, anyone can—I’m a pastry chef! Last year at this time, I felt depressed, tired, and generally gross about myself. I am a completely different person today. I stopped eating all those extra cupcakes and cookies, plus I’ve been doing four fun cardio classes per week at Gold’s Gym, in addition to meeting with a trainer there twice a week. I was afraid of lifting heavy weights because I thought I’d bulk up, but I got leaner and feel amazing.’


 


2. Lindsay & Brendan: Both aged 35, Lindsay Michalcik and Brendan Rineer decided to take up the weight loss challenge together and have been married eight years. ‘Figuring out how to fit in exercise was key,’ says Lindsay, who lost 18lbs. ‘I do a workout DVD before work a few mornings each week, and Brendan and I have a standing gym date on Saturday and Sunday mornings. We completely changed our eating habits too. Now we stick to one serving of protein each and load up on veggies, not carbs. We’ll still take the kids to Chuck E. Cheese’s, but we bring our own snacks or eat from the salad bar.’ Brendan, who lost 23lbs, adds, ‘Lindsay and I were able to learn healthier habits from each other. Before the challenge, I’d drink 32 ounces of Dr Pepper or Coke a day. Once I cut out soda, I immediately had more energy to work out. When I started, I said my goal was to develop a six-pack, but that’s just a bonus. My five-year-old daughter likes to count the “bumps” on my stomach.’


 


3. Jeanell Boomer: 36-year-old Jeanell has been married 10 years. She details, ‘I’m down 14 pounds. I’m not back in my dress because it took me a while to get a handle on my eating habits. For example, I’d tell myself I had to eat things that weren’t good for me because my family expected me to cook and bake certain foods—with no shortage of butter or oil. After I stopped the rationalising, the weight started to come off. And it’s true what they say: Once you lose the first 10 pounds, you really gain momentum. I lost three more the week after this photo was taken.’


 


4. Heather Wells: It’s nine years since Heather walked down the aisle, but the 42-year-old managed to lose six pounds and get back in that dress. She recalls, ‘When I joined the challenge, I knew I needed to start working out, so I walked and did the Wii Fit at home. But my body didn’t begin to change until I upped the intensity. Once I started taking spin classes and following the workout on Jillian Michaels’s 30 Day Shred DVD, I started to see a difference. I lost four inches off my waist and hips, and two and a half inches off my thighs. I’m fitting into clothes that are three sizes smaller, and I’m still going. I never thought I’d say this, but if I skip a workout, I miss it!’

Conventional Western medicine does an outstanding job with medical emergencies. If your wellbeing is suddenly affected by a trauma or extreme, life-threatening event, conventional medicine has heroic intervention techniques and surgical procedures to potentially save your life. However, many wellness experts argue that conventional medicine fails – or is, at least, inadequate – in the treatment of cancer and other chronic illnesses, and this is where complementary wellness methods come in.


 


In June 2000, Burton Goldberg, often referred to as “The Voice of Alternative Medicine,” addressed the United States Congress at a hearing on Integrative Oncology – Cancer Care for the New Millennium. Goldberg stated, ‘A century ago, one in 33 people had cancer; today, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS), it is more than one in three, and growing. When I was born in 1926, cancer was the tenth leading cause of death among children – now I am 73 and it is second. No other health topic today has the urgency of cancer because no other health condition is escalating as fast.’


 


He continued, ‘In March of this year, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) released its Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1973-1997. According to the report, some types of cancer had declined more or less, while others had increased. But the NCI proudly trumpeted the fact that for the first time ever in this country, overall cancer incidence and mortality rates had both declined from 1990 through 1997. The amount of decline was the same for both: 0.8%. Taking this number at face value (the field report’s raw data has yet to be analyzed by objective sources), while it might be statistically significant, this less than 1% decline pales in the face of the grim reality of the ACS’s prediction that one out of two men in this country will get cancer. Or that, while in 1950 one out of 20 women got breast cancer, in 1960 it was one in 14, and today it is one out of eight.’


 


According to Goldberg, ‘Our message is simple, direct, and lifesaving: cancer can be – is being – successfully reversed using alternative medicine. Although many of the alternative methods for treating cancer have been with us for perhaps 50 years, it is only recently that these approaches have achieved major clinical breakthroughs and moved into wider public awareness. I wish I had known more about them myself when my sister and my mother were dying of cancer.’ In fact, Goldberg spent more than 30 years of research getting his hand on every aspect of holistic medicine he could find. He ploughed the fields of alternative medicine, natural healthcare, integrative medicine, and conventional medicine to find the top treatments for cancer.


 


Now, “The Voice of Alternative Medicine” has shared his message with the people, becoming a best-selling author of Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide. Goldberg’s book doesn’t only deal with cancer treatments; it’s a 1,250-page reference work on how to treat 200 health conditions with alternative medicine. His research and work includes prevention and anti-ageing strategies and treatment protocols for many forms of degenerative disease, but his primary focus for the last several years has been on the treatment of cancer. This is why, in 2000, he presented information on integrative oncology and cancer treatments before Congress. That said, Goldberg’s experience with cancer and chronic illness isn’t only clinical, but personal. Several years ago, his research unexpectedly took a personal turn as he developed and subsequently beat cancer not once, but twice. To find out more about Goldberg’s work or his story, look online for more information.

Anti-Ageing wellness isn’t just about the long term; sometimes, a few late nights and early mornings can make you feel 10 years older than you really are. So how do you give your wellbeing a quick boost? We’ve got some top tips from experts and readers to help you bounce back in no time.



1. Eat Red: According to nutritionist Robin Kaye, if you want superfoods to fight that ageing feeling, you can’t go wrong with red foods, like watermelon, berries, and tomatoes. Berries, for example, are antioxidant-rich anti-inflammatories, meaning that they can protect you against age-related mental decline, and help keep your brain healthy. Kaye adds, ‘Tomatoes and watermelon contain lycopene, a powerful antioxidant with anti-ageing properties.’



2. Laugh and Smile: Wellness writer Anna Davies notes, ‘Whether you dig SNL skits or prefer watching baby sloths scamper around, dozens of studies prove that laughter reduces stress, which makes you feel light-years younger in the moment — even if you’ll be back to squinting at spreadsheets in a few minutes.’ Moreover, a recent study has found that smiling can make you appear three years younger than you actually are. So say cheese!



3. Lighten up: Donna Perillo, founder of Sweet Lily Natural Spa in New York City, advises, ‘Avoid vamp-y reds or dark purple polish, which can draw attention to any imperfections on your hands. The best way to avoid sunspots, crepe-y skin and other age-related evidence is to exfoliate your hands weekly with a self-made sugar scrub.’ Mix up half-a-cup of granulated sugar, half-a-cup of olive oil, and a few drops of essential oil for a sugar scrub that takes years off your hands.



4. Hit the Town: Research has shown that having strong social ties can lower your blood pressure, reduce your stress and guard against dementia – all of which are important for helping you feel young – so grab your BFF! Seattle resident Cass D., 35, details, ‘Whenever we’re feeling a little too bogged down by everyday life, my best friend and I schedule a girls’ night away from our husbands. Last time, we went to a bar that’s frequented by a lot of students at the local college. We danced, we laughed, and yes, we may have harmlessly flirted with one or two college seniors.’



5. Make Time for Tea: While the health properties of tea may seem too good to be true, Robin Nielsen, a nutritionist in Morgan Hill, CA, asserts that tea lives up to the hype. ‘Hydration is key for looking younger,’ Nielsen explains. ‘And tea is one way to make sure you’re getting enough liquids. Plus, studies have found green tea can help us retain elasticity in our skin as we age.’ Teas have also been shown to bust stress and boost energy – as if you needed an excuse to put the kettle on!



6. Slather on Sun Cream: Davies points out, ‘Not only does slathering up — even on cloudy or cold days — help prevent the wrinkles and sun spots that’ll add extra years over time, but the scent triggers nostalgia, which has a whole host of benefits, including self-esteem enhancement and feeling more socially connected to the people you’re surrounded by, all of which may make you feel the years falling away.’



7. Make Sure Your To Do List is Realistic: Ronald Kotler, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and author of 365 Ways to Get a Good Night’s Sleep, warns, ‘The stress hormone cortisol ages the body, inside and out. If your to-do list is a mile long and you’re constantly thinking about it, you’re living the stress response all the time.’

As a woman in her 40s, the wellness situation starts to look a whole lot different. Your sexual health needs kicking into shape, you’ve got no energy for your hectic lifestyle and you have aches and pains you never knew a person could have. Turning 40 makes you feel, well, old, but that doesn’t mean you’re past it. You still need to look after your wellbeing – now more than ever before – to ensure you live to see and enjoy the next 40 years.


 


1. Do Your Diet Differently: In order to live long and prosper for the next 40 years, you need a few diet basics under your belt. This means eating plenty of fruits and vegetables – at least five-a-day – and healthy proteins. If you focus on these food groups, you can reduce your risks of cancer and heart disease. Don’t just do your healthy diet solo; get your partner and kids involved and plan your grocery shopping in advance so you won’t be tempted by junk on shop shelves. The key to healthy eating is to have good options on hand at work and at home.


 


2. Work on Your Workout Routine: In your 40s, many of your hormones – including growth hormone – tend to decline. This ageing process can really do a number on your wellness and, if you don’t exercise, you’ll only hurry that decline along. Exercise stimulates growth hormone, helping you to maintain a lean body mass. However, without enough physical activity, your metabolism will slow down, your bone density will decline, and you’ll be more stressed and depressed than you should be. If you find it hard to motivate yourself, why not go to a class or work with a personal trainer? If you’ve got it written on your calendar and all paid for, you’ll have the incentive to workout until the health benefits become their own motivation.


 


3. Figure out your Family History: If someone in your family has suffered from a certain illness or condition, it’s not a sure thing that you will likewise be affected, but history certainly has a way of predicting the future. Look into your family’s history of health problems, paying close attention to anything that occurred to someone when in their 40s. While having a grandparent who had a heart attack at 75 is something to take note of, being related to someone who suffered at age 45 holds is even more significant to your prevention strategy. You should primarily focus on your parents, siblings and grandparents, but it’s worth asking about other relatives as well. Take inventory so you can tailor your wellness programme to your needs, and consider talking to your GP if a particular health concern does arise when you’re digging.


 


4. Take a Few Tests: For women in their 40s, the United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) provides the following recommendations:


  • Cervical cancer. A pap smear should be performed every one to three years. You should go for this screening every two years if your physician uses a liquid-based test, or every three if you have had three normal paps consecutively. You only need a test for human papillomavirus (HPV) if you have had an abnormal pap test.

  • Breast cancer. Mammograms are recommended every one to two years, starting at 40.

  • Colonoscopy for colon cancer screening. While this is usually recommended at age 50, you will need a colonoscopy if you have a family member with colon cancer. This should either be done at age 40 or 10 years prior to the age that family member was diagnosed.

Have you ever heard the saying, ‘you are what you eat’? Put simply, this means that everything that you eat has an impact on the wellness and wellbeing of your body, and this includes the way that your body looks. One of the best anti-aging methods is simply to be aware that the food you eat could be making you look older (and that there is food out there that can actually make you look younger!)


 


Consuming too much full-fat dairy produce or red meat is one of the biggest problems when it comes to looking and feeling older. A study carried out in 2012 by the Brigham Women’s Hospital found that the saturated fats found in red meat and dairy produce can cause the brain to age at a faster rate than other types of fat. This study looked into the dietary habits of around 6,200 women who were over 65, and found that those who had the highest intake of saturated fat also scored the worst on cognitive tests. The good news is that if you want to slow down the aging of the brain, you can actively take in monounsaturated fats such as avocado oil and olive oil.


 


Using too much salt is also a big no no when it comes to anti aging. A little salt is a good thing, and should never be avoided altogether, but too much salt dehydrates the body, causing kidney disease and high blood pressure, and it can also be linked to low cognitive health and low physical activity.


 


Having a sweet tooth is also, unfortunately, a red flag when it comes to anti aging. Sugar has a damaging effect on collagen, and this leads to the sagging of your skin and to wrinkles appealing. Whilst a cake or two here and there won’t do any damage, many people consume far too much sugar and should cut down if they want their skin to stay youthful.

You can’t tell a lot about the distant future, but educated guesses can take you a long way. This was the thinking behind a project undertaken by artist and researcher Nickolay Lamm with help from Dr. Alan Kwan, who has a doctorate in computational genomics from Washington University. These wellness experts set out to answer the question: What do you think the human face might look like in 100,000 years and why?


 


Lamm and Kwan took the reasoning that, with our advanced genetic engineering technology, this may make more of an impact on human wellbeing over time, and take over the role that has so far been played by natural selection. From this reasoning, Lamm created a series of images that he believes will resemble something of the average human in 20,000 years, 60,000 years and 100,000 years time. Although the man and women used for the project are both Caucasian, Lamm was quick to point out that you shouldn’t read too much into that, as the decision to use these models simply came down to the fact that they were the best he could find.


 


20,000 years: From an image of a man and woman today, Lamm moves onto one that takes place in 20,000 years time. Although the couple is the same, their faces show a few minor changes. To accommodate larger brains, their heads are a little bit bigger. Lamm has also included yellow lenses on the models to indicate special lenses that act kind of like Google Glass does today, but in a much more powerful way.


 


60,000 years: Jumping forward another 40,000 years, the 60,000-year image shows the beginning of major changes. Not only are the heads even larger than the previous image, but the eyes have also grown. According to Lamm, this is based on the idea that humans have colonised the solar system in 60,000 years time, and are now living further away from the sun. This means that there’s less light, and so your skin pigmentation would change, but also your eyelids would become thicker as you’re outside the Earth’s protective ozone layer, and would need more protection against UV rays.


 


100,000 years: It’s at this point in our future that Lamm predicts big changes. The most shocking thing is that he predicts big Japanese Manga-style eyes that may feature ‘eye-shine enhance low-light vision and even a sideways blink from re-constituted plica semilunaris,’ offering extra protection against cosmic rays. Lamm believes the future human will follow the “golden ratio proportions” of a perfectly symmetrical face from left to right, as well as having larger nostrils to enhance off-planet environmental wellness. Denser hair is also predicted in the future, as this can help to contain heat loss from their even larger heads.


 


Michael Graham Richard, editor of TreeHugger’s Science & Technology and the Cars & Transportation categories, comments, ‘I would say that the timeline is probably too long. We’re already starting to have the ability to modify ourselves, so if we ever decide to do so (it’s probably a question of “when” rather than “if”), it probably won’t take thousands of years. Just in the past 100 years, we’ve gone from barely having mastered powered flight with the Wright Brothers to landing space probes on almost all planets and moons of the solar system, from Morse code telegraphs to a worldwide communication network made up of billions of electronic devices, each of which is more powerful than the supercomputers of a few decades ago…The human race’s capabilities in 50 years should be even more impressive to us today than today’s tech would be for someone from 50 years ago — and that’s saying something.’

Sex comes with the consideration of contraception, and while it may seem like it’s a burden, it’s surprising how far its developed in just the last century. And with that, there’s even more innovations to come. From the early days of makeshift condoms and crocodile dung to the dry orgasm pill, contraceptives have seen many developments and guises. In the 1950s, doctors knew that a few medications, usually taken from high blood pressure and schizophrenia, could make male patients sterile. But in 2006, researchers finally realised why – both of these medications freeze the muscle contractions that propel sperm through the reproductive tract. The result is the same orgasm, simply without the sperm. Researchers are looking into ways to turn this into a marketable pill, but its still in the early stages. On the topic of male drugs, RISUG is one of the most promising male contraceptives which is currently in development. It simply requires one injection to the vas deferens, which is the tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the urethra. The chemical compound that partially blocks the tube but any sperm that makes it past the blockade is damaged, so that it is unable to fertilise the egg. In fact, just one application of this can last up to ten years.


Phthalates are chemicals which are added to plastic to make it more flexible when it’s being used in products, showing up in everything from shampoo bottles to kids toys. They’re actually a major health concern despite their prevalence, with increasing evidence that they could affect puberty and the human reproductive system. The Population Council are looking to build on this though by changing testosterone levels and lowering sperm counts with them, and in doing so creating a new male birth control method. Men are the future of contraceptives, with plenty of development going into finding new effective drugs and treatments. One possible option being researched at the moment is finding a chemical that stops the sperm from maturing, so that they can’t fertilise eggs. It’s thought to be ten or more years away from being ready, but Adjudin could well be the answer – it would probably be in a patch or implant form, rather than a pill.


Women haven’t been forgotten entirely though. In the future, women may well be able to combine normal birth control with a factor that helps them to stay fertile for longer. This could well mean pushing the menopause back by decades. Each month, dozens of eggs begin to grow in the ovaries of a woman, and usually one fully matures where the others simply die. Fertility expert Dr Roger Gosden believes that a career pill could stop this waste and leave more eggs available as a woman reaches her 30s and 40s. The sponge was also popular among Jewish communities, and was just that – a dried piece of sea sponge wrapped in silk and with a string attached for removal. Women often soaked it in lemon juice or vinegar to kill off sperm. But sometimes the best methods are those which have been around the longest. Originally made out of animal guts or linen, condoms have been a long-lasting contraceptive that has been used for centuries thanks to its reliability and effectiveness. The remains of real condoms, dating back to the 1600s, have been found in the UK; artistic representations have even been found in Egyptian drawings that date back more than 3000 years.

As you get older, your wellbeing can be affected as your senses aren’t what they used to be. However, according to a new study, published in The Journals of Gerontology, this may have something to do with your race. Researchers at the University of Chicago, along with survey teams from the National Opinion Research Centre, have found that your race may determine the age at which you lose your sense of smell, as blacks and Hispanics lost their ability faster than whites.


 


For the study “Racial Disparities in Olfactory Loss Among Older Adults in the United States”, the smelling capabilities of 3,005 older adults between the ages of 57 and 85 were gauged using a standard test. The participants – who answered questionnaires about their physical and mental health, social and financial resources, education, and alcohol or substance abuse – smelled five different odours individually (peppermint, fish, orange, rose, and leather) and were asked to identify what they were out of four choices.


 


The results of the study revealed that just under half of the participants (49%) were able to recognise all five smells correctly, and there was a correlation between age and declining ability. Of the participants aged 57 years old, 64% were able to identify all five smells, while only 25% of the 85-year-olds were also able to identify all five smells. While the study found that women’s smelling capabilities were the equivalent of five years younger than the men’s, the more surprising finding was that non-whites scored 47% lower than whites. This means that non-white participants performed as if they were nine years older.


 


According to study author Dr. Jayant Pinto, associate professor of surgery at the University of Chicago, ‘We have long known that men begin to lose their sense of smell some years sooner than women, but this is the first study to point to racial or ethnic differences. What surprised us was the magnitude of the difference. The racial disparity was almost twice as large as the well documented difference between men and women.’ The study authors added, ‘Race likely serves as a proxy for differential environmental exposures and life experiences, which may interact with biological differences.’

There are a number of reasons why you may want to make a change to your birth control – maybe you’ve realised that you’re not one for remembering to pop a pill every day, or you’re worried about the side effects of whatever contraceptive you’re currently using. Whatever the reason, it can be daunting knowing where to begin, with so many options on the market. Here are some popular choices among women over the age of 30 which could prove effective for you too.


 


The combo pill is a surprising choice, as there a number of myths surrounding the side effects for this particular medication. However, there is a growing body of research which suggests this might not be the enemy as we once thought, with 99 percent success rate and the fact that it can ease some of the symptoms of perimenopausal women, such as mood swings and irregular bleeding. Worried about the increase in cancer? New studies claim it could actually help to prevent ovarian and uterine cancers. If you suffer from migraines, though, it’s probably best avoided, as it is thought to trigger headaches and even raise the risk of a stroke in those who suffer with migraines. The same can be said of women over the age of 35 who smoke, as the oestrogen and smoking can increase the risk of blood clots. Women who are breastfeeding may want to try to progestin-only pill, as this won’t affect the milk supply in the mother – this choice is also popular amongst people who have to avoid the oestrogen pills due to blood clot risks or cardiovascular disease. Smokers are also safe with this particular option, but it’s worth remembering that this is slightly less successful than the combo pill. As with anything though, there are downsides – if you struggle to remember things or don’t stick to a routine, this isn’t the best option. It needs to be taken at the same time every day to be effective.


 


The IUD, or the Intrauterine Device to give it its full name, is great for women who don’t want to think about birth control for a long time. This is 99 percent effective and lasts for up to 12 years, meaning you could get one fitted when you’re 40 and be set until menopause. The IUD is a T-shaped device which is fitted by a GP into the uterus to stop the egg becoming fertilised. There is a risk of mild discomfort for some women, but it doesn’t last and not everyone gets it. The downsides are that your periods and menstrual cramping may increase, but a newer model has potentially put a stop to that. Although Mirena, the new device, only lasts five years it means you can expect lighter bleeding. The implant has a shorter shelf life at just three years, but is a great no-fuss option for women who want a longer-term contraceptive without the fuss of getting it removed – the implant can be removed very easily. It’s a matchstick-sized rod which is inserted into the upper arm to release hormones which curb the release of an egg. It’s also nearly 100 percent effective, so there’s less to worry about. However, if you’re significantly overweight, there is a chance that the implant won’t work for you as well, so you may want to speak to your GP.


 


There are numerous choices for contraception – these are just a selection of the most popular. Speak to your GP about the options which are suitable for you, and they will be able to advice which route you should take.

It is now known that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients had significantly higher long-term death rate after myocardial infarction (MI) than did matched MI patients without RA. This was revealed in a review of a population-based cohort of patients. The RA patients also exhibited an increased risk of recurrent ischemia when compared to those patients who did not have RA.


A team of researchers analysed a set of data from the Rochester Epidemiology Project, which includes all of the records from health care providers for the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota. They looked specifically at 77 RA patients and 154 age- and sex-matched patients without RA who had an MI between 1979, and 2010.


Overall, around 55 per cent of patients in both cohorts were female. The mean age at MI was 72.4 years old. It was known that there were no significant differences between cohorts regarding MI risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, smoking status and weight. MI characteristics, severity, and electrocardiogram findings were also known to be similar.


Additionally, the RA patients and the other patients who were unaffected were known to have no differences in treatment during and after MI and in-hospital mortality. Mortality at 30 days post MI and at 1 year post MI was also similar.


The similarities ended for long-term mortality. The authors of the study discovered that during a median follow-up of 2.6 years among the RA cohort, 55 of the patients died. That is compared to the 85 patients who died over a median 2.7 years in the control cohort.



Is Arthritis Linked to Higher Post-MI Death Risk?

At the heart of your body’s cells are the mitochondria, small cell organelles which are essential to your proper functioning. Anti-ageing cosmetic manufacturers have developed several strategies in order to protect your mitochondrial wellness, as disturbances affecting them will play a role in the ageing process.


Mitochondria have their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mDNA), which enables them to multiply or self-destruct regardless of the division of the cell itself.  mDNA also allows your mitochondria to be the main power plants of the cell. The inner part of their double membrane has many folds, which helps to promote an intense transformation activity of substances for energy, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). However, at the same time mitochondria generate the ROS (reactive oxygen species), which makes them a prime target of oxidative attacks.


Because mitochondrial DNA is different to other cellular DNA, it is less protected and has fewer repair systems available. So, if the alterations of mDNA are too important, the mitochondrion will self-destruct. This leads to cellular death, which is part of the ageing process. Mitochondria take part in complex signalling pathways and are involved in a number of neurodegenerative diseases associated with ageing. According to Dr. Johan Auwerx, from the Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne, if you decrease your mitochondrial functions by restricting your caloric intake, it could have a positive impact on ageing.


Marwin Edeas, Chairman of the French Society of Antioxidants and organiser of the Congress Targeting Mitochondria, notes, ‘The mitochondrion is at the heart of ageing, hundreds of diseases are related to its dysfunctions. In recent years, scientific advances were achieved on the early detection of mitochondrial alterations but also on the possibility of finding nanocarriers allowing to reach these difficult targets.’


It is therefore crucial to preserve your mitochondria, which is something that cosmetics manufacturers are all too aware of. You may have noticed products boasting innovations in this area for several years now, with your skin being provided with these valuable substances. Mrs C. Peyreigne, a biologist and founder of Oxincell, a company specialising in the study and analysis of the mitochondrial function, adds, ‘it is likely that mitochondriology will become in the coming years, one of the leading disciplines of the 21st century.’



Mitochondria: The Future of Anti-Ageing Cosmetics?